Prevalence of problematic smartphone usage and associated. The sams system consists of an android smartphone application and a web application server. Participants rated each item on a 5point likert scale ranging from never 1 to always 5. To further scrutinize these betweenstudy discrepancies in effect size, we encourage. A high total score in the scale, which has no cutoff score. The smartphone addiction scale short version, which was. The sassv showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of smartphone addiction.
Univariate analysis of factors associated with smartphone addiction between genders. Each of these surveys, such as the smartphone addiction scale, rely. This study adapts the short version of the smartphone addiction scale sas sv into spanish and into french. Types of smartphone usage and relations with problematic. Effects of smartphone addiction level on social and. Such an understanding can be helpful for assessing the severity of smartphone addiction and providing a more. Pdf short version of the smartphone addiction scale in chinese. The scale was translated by independent researchers using the parallel translation method and one of the authors was used as. Burnout, perceived stress, sleep quality, and smartphone. Dec 31, 20 these results were considered because the smartphone addiction scale sas is not designed to pathologically diagnose smartphone addiction but more to identify the level of the smartphone addiction risk and to distinguish the highrisk group. Smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv is adapted to spanish and french. Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social. Short version of the smartphone addiction scale in chinese.
The sas sv scores of gender p smartphone addiction p smartphone addiction, fear of missing out and perceived competence smartphone addiction scale sas. Each of these surveys, such as the smartphone addiction scale. In addition, the 15item smartphone addiction proneness scale assesses a persons risk for smartphone addiction. The smartphone addiction levels and the association with. Jun, 2019 smartphone addiction is a headlinegrabbing preoccupation, but just how strong are the conclusions about this addiction. The subjects were 478 collegeuniversity students in japan. The sassv is a validated scale that contains 10 items rated on a dimensional scale 1 strongly disagree to 6 strongly agree 14. The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms. Older age, playing of smartphone games, smartphone media applications, poor sleep quality, depression, and anxiety were associated with smartphone addiction in males. Short version of the smartphone addiction scale in chinese adults. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to investigate demographic and healthrelated predictors of smartphone addiction. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young. Both adaptations are characterized with very good reliability factor and construct validity.
Research into smartphone addiction has followed the scientific literature on problematic mobile phone use developed during the last decade, with valid screening scales being developed to identify maladaptive behaviour associated with this technology, usually in adolescent populations. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in. The sassv is a validated scale originally constructed in south korea but published in english. A 15question survey, the smartphone addiction measurement instrument sami, modeled after the cellular phone addiction scale cpas. Since no gender differences were reported between these cut off points 19, a cutoff point of score 3260 or pms. Data were collected using a personal information form, the smartphone addiction scaleshort version sassv, and the communication skills assessment scale. The concurrent validity was confirmed using sas, saps and ksscale.
This was measured by included studies using a range of scales, such as the smartphone addiction scale sas or the mobile phone problematic use scale mppus, 14. The sas sv was significantly correlated with the sas, saps and ks scale. The aim of the study was to i examine the scale s psychometric properties in both languages, ii estimate the prevalence of potential excessive smartphone use among spanish and belgian adults, and iii compare the addictive symptomatology measured. One hundred two students were divided into 3 groups. Oct 10, 2017 smartphones are becoming increasingly indispensable in everyday life for most undergraduates in china, and this has been associated with problematic use or addiction.
Randomly selected students completed a survey comprising patient health questionnaires seven and nine phq9 and phq7 to screen for depression and anxiety respectively, and the smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv to grade smartphone use. The smartphone addiction scale sas, originally developed in korean. Smartphone addiction scale sas is a selfreported scale developed by kwon et al. Reliability of the arabic smartphone addiction scale and. Nsights from ong erm elemetric ehavioral easures exploring. Sv has a cutoff value that was determined by clinical judgement. The smartphone addiction levels and the association with com. Divya rani singh abstract mobile phone usage is so strongly integrated into young peoples behavior that symptoms of behavioral addiction, such as cell phone usage interrupting their day today activities. Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale sas.
Development and validation of a short version for adolescents article pdf available in plos one 812. We evaluated the psychometric properties of the smartphone addiction scale short version sassv and examined its associated sociodemographic factors. Methods a total of 197 participants were selected from nov. Table 2 presents the univariate analyses of potential factors related to smartphone addiction.
State anxiety moderates the association between motivations. Smartphone addiction scale sas is a scale for smartphone addiction that consisted of 6 factors and 33 items with a sixpoint likert scale 1. To establish a valid and reliable translated version of smartphone addiction scale for adolescent sas sv in italian languages. The conceptual model on smart phone addiction among early childhood. Impact of mobile phone addiction on adolescents life. The sas sv showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv the sas was originally developed by kwon, lee, et al. Effects of smartphone overuse on hand function, pinch. The sas consists of 48 questions and is grouped into six subscales, all weighted equally on a 6point scale. As a result, smart phone addiction and depression, anxiety, impulsiveness. The relationship between addiction to smartphone usage and. Smartphone addiction scale short version sassv is adapted to spanish and. Why assumptions about smartphone addiction may be based.
The smartphone addiction scale short version, which was developed and validated in. Sas and its subscales were significantly correlated with k scale and y scale. Dec 31, 20 conclusions the sas sv showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of smartphone addiction. The smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv and the pittsburgh sleep quality index psqi were used to assess smartphone addiction and sleep quality among the students, respectively. Smartphone addiction scale sas is used to asses the severity of smartphone dependency and addiction. This study aims to assess the factorial validity and internal reliability of the arabic smartphone addiction scale sas and smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv in a moroccan surveyed population. Results all of the participants in the study owned smartphones. Smartphone addiction was assessed using a short version of the smartphone addiction scale for adolescents sas sv.
Smartphone addiction and its association with common mental. To our knowledge, no scale in arabic language is available to assess maladaptive behavior associated with smartphone use. Developing a shorter version of the estonian smartphone addiction proneness scale esaps18 dmitri rozgonjuk 1, valdur rosenvald 2, sven janno 3, karin taht 4. Smartphone addiction may be associated with adolescent. A cutoff point at of 3160 in males and 3360 in females was utilized in the short version sas by one spanishbelgium study 19.
The smartphone addiction scale short version, which was developed and validated in this study, could be used efficiently for the evaluation of smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction and its effect on mental health. Frontiers psychometric properties and factor structures of. We report the linguistic validation process and the metric validity of the l ita ian version of the sas sv in the italy, it is useful to collect data about the pa. They were requested to complete the study questionnaire, which consisted of questions about demographics, internet use, the internet addiction test iat, the smartphone addiction scale sas short version sv, and the 25item hikikomori questionnaire hq25, etc.
Insights from longterm telemetric behavioral measures and how those manifested in realworld usage patterns. We aimed to determine the relationship of smartphone addiction with social phobia and loneliness in a sample of university students in istanbul, turkey. Jan 11, 2019 using the smartphone addiction scale for college students sas c, smartphone usage motivation scale and state anxiety scale sanxiety, we investigated 600 chinese college students who identified themselves as smartphone users. Problematic smartphone use also known as smartphone overuse, smartphone addiction, mobile phone overuse, or cell phone dependency, is proposed by some researchers to be a form of psychological or behavioral dependence on cell phones, closely related to other forms of digital media overuse such as social media addiction or internet addiction disorder.
Smartphone addiction scale short version sassv the sas was originally developed by kwon, lee, et al. Subjects were asked to complete a selfreported questionnaire, including measures of the korean smartphone addiction scale sas, beck depression inventory bdi, beck anxiety inventory bai, and connerswells adolescent selfreport scale cass. Frontiers psychometric properties and factor structures. Italian validation of smartphone addiction scale short. A model on smartphone addiction of early childhood. The smartphone addiction scale is a selfdiagnostic scale used to identify smartphone addicts 20. Developing a shorter version of the estonian smartphone. A crosssectional survey on smartphone usage pattern, the. Study 1 n 407 yielded a preliminary version of the scale, which was refined in study 2 n 601. This study is a validation of smartphone addiction scale short version sassv developed by kwon and his colleagues. Frontiers internet addiction, smartphone addiction, and. Sas sv smartphone addiction scale short version spss statistical package for social science uclaversion 3 ucla loneliness scale version 3 utar universiti tunku abdul rahman. Conclusions the sas sv showed good reliability and validity for the assessment of smartphone addiction. Smartphone addiction and its relationship with social anxiety.
Validation of smartphone addiction scale international. This crosssectional study was conducted in 2016 and included 1441 undergraduate. The scale consisted of 33 items rated on a 6point likerttype scale from 1 to 6. Smartphone addiction proneness in relation to sleep and. Using the smartphone addiction scale for college students sas c, smartphone usage motivation scale and state anxiety scale sanxiety, we investigated 600 chinese college students who identified themselves as smartphone users. Feb 27, 20 the aim of this study was to develop a selfdiagnostic scale that could distinguish smartphone addicts based on the korean selfdiagnostic program for internet addiction k scale and the smartphone s own features. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of smartphone addiction, using the smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv among english language preparatory year students in a state university. Smartphone addiction was measured using the smart phone addiction scale short version sassv.
Objective the aim of this study was to develop a selfdiagnostic scale that could distinguish smartphone addicts based on the korean selfdiagnostic program for internet addiction k scale and the smartphone s own features. The vas of each factor also showed a significant correlation with each subscale. Why assumptions about smartphone addiction may be based on. Effects of smartphone addiction level on social and educational life in health sciences students. Smartphone addiction scale sas scores and grip and pinch strengths were recorded.
It also aimed to determine which mobile applications are more popular among the participants. The sas has 33 items, with likert item responses from 1 strongly disagree to 6 strongly agree. In addition, the reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction scale sas. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to seek associations between smartphone addiction and. This scale is a shortened version of the original smartphone addiction scale sas, which consists of 33 questions and 6 points developed by kwon,lee,etal. Smartphone addiction was assessed using a short version of the smartphone addiction scale for adolescents sassv. Validity and reliability of the turkish version of the.
Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale sas article pdf available in plos one 82. This study was designed to investigate the revised and short version of the smartphone addiction scale and the proof of its validity in adolescents. In addition, differences were found in the job p smartphone addiction scores p sas. Smartphone addiction is a headlinegrabbing preoccupation, but just how strong are the conclusions about this addiction. The conceptual model on smart phone addiction among early.
The present research was aimed to develop a comprehensive selfreport scale that accounts for the cognitive, affective, social, and behavioral impacts of smartphones in everyday lifethe smartphone impact scale sis. Development of shorta form and screening cutoff point of the. To our knowledge, to date only three instruments exist to assess smartphone addiction. Investigation of smartphone addiction effect on recreational. To cope with these limitations, a comprehensive ict information and communications technology system called sams smartphone addiction management system is developed for objective assessment and intervention. Individuals have to respond on the likert scale between 16, where 1 indicates strongly disagree and 6 indicates strongly agree. Short version of the smartphone addiction scale adapted to. It is a 10item, monodimensional, selfadministered questionnaire, which was validated using a large korean sample. In addition, it suggested cutting off the values by gender in order to determine smartphone addiction. This tool has been reduced to create a short version sassv 20 which was eventually adapted to french 21. Research into smartphone addiction has followed the scientific literature on. A sociodemographic data form produced by the authors and consisting of 10 questions was administered together with a questionnaire involving the smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv, the flourishing scale, the general health questionnaire, and the multidimensional scale of perceived social support. We summarise each of the instrument definitions used, and highlight the behavioural domains in additional file 1.
These results were considered because the smartphone addiction scale sas is not designed to pathologically diagnose smartphone addiction but more to identify the level of the smartphone addiction risk and to distinguish the highrisk group. Smartphone addiction and its association with common. The internal consistency and concurrent validity of sas were verified with a cronbachs alpha of 0. Smartphones are popular media that are easier to access than other media. Smartphone addiction scale sas is designed to identify the level of the smartphone addiction risk and to distinguish the highrisk group kwon et al. The smartphone addiction scale short version, which was developed and validated in this study, could be used efficiently for the evaluation of smartphone addiction in community and research areas. Within the scope of this study, smartphone addiction scale sas, developed by kwon et al. Smartphone addiction and non addiction groups were defined using sas score of 42 as a cutoff. Psychosocial factors affecting smartphone addiction in. Gender differences in factors associated with smartphone. Pdf development and validation of a smartphone addiction.
The sas was validated against other measures of problematic smartphone use kwon et. Smartphone addiction scale sas sv into spanish and into french. In total, 255 students studying at dumlupinar university and using smartphone 6 male and 119 female voluntarily participated to the study. Among these scales, only the short version smartphone addiction scale sas. Smartphone addiction scale short version sassv is adapted to spanish and french. Three hundred and sixtyseven students who owned smartphones were given the smartphone addiction scale sas, ucla loneliness scale uclals, and brief social phobia scale bsps. In the original scale of sas, the cutoff point was not reported 18. Data were collected using a personal information form, the smartphone addiction scale short version sas sv, and the communication skills assessment scale. Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people. Nov 01, 2017 smartphone addiction scale sas is used to asses the severity of smartphone dependency and addiction. In addition, the reliability and validity of the smartphone addiction scale sas was demonstrated.
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